How does non-maleficence differ from beneficence?

Non-maleficence is a fundamental principle in medical ethics that emphasizes the obligation to avoid causing harm to patients. This principle serves as a guiding force in clinical practice, urging healthcare providers to take measures that prevent harm, whether physical, psychological, or emotional. In contrast, beneficence is the ethical duty to actively promote the well-being of patients and to contribute positively to their health and quality of life.

The key distinction lies in their focus: while non-maleficence is concerned with refraining from actions that would cause harm, beneficence is about the positive actions taken to benefit patients. For instance, a healthcare provider may choose a specific treatment plan that not only avoids adverse effects (non-maleficence) but also actively enhances the patient's health outcomes (beneficence).

Recognizing this difference is crucial for practitioners, as it informs clinical decision-making and enhances patient care by balancing the avoidance of harm with the provision of beneficial interventions. Thus, the correct choice captures the essence of these two principles effectively.